Literature Review on the Development of Cultural Tourism in the Tirta Empul Area, Tampaksiring
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63309/dialektika.v24i1.936Keywords:
Cultural Tourism, Spiritual Tourism, Tirta Empul.Abstract
This study is based on the growing trend of spiritual and cultural tourism in Bali, which, at sacred sites such as Tirta Empul Temple (Tampaksiring), not only opens up local economic opportunities but also raises management dilemmas that deserve careful attention particularly regarding the tendency to commodify rituals and environmental pressures that have implications for water quality and the cleanliness of the area. This research aims to map the development of cultural tourism in Tirta Empul while critically synthesizing the main attractions, various impacts, and management strategies most frequently reported in the literature. Theoretically, the discussion links Tri Hita Karana, Community-Based Tourism, and heritage management perspectives authenticity to understand how sacred and tourist functions are negotiated in practice. The method used is a Narrative Literature Review of publications from 2015–2025 searched through Google Scholar, SINTA, and university repositories; studies were selected through title-abstract relevance screening and then analyzed thematically. Interestingly, the findings indicate that melukat (temple) and heritage values are the primary drivers of visitation, but issues of desacralization, overcrowding, and recurring waste/garbage remain unresolved challenges. Therefore, the synthesis recommends strengthening sacred space zoning, implementing a code of ethics supported by cultural interpretation, managing visitor flow, and strengthening the role of traditional villages, while emphasizing the importance of regularly measuring visitor carrying capacity.
Keywords: Cultural Tourism, Spiritual Tourism, Tirta Empul.
Downloads
References
Adityanandana, M., & Gerber, J. F. (2019). Post-growth in the Tropics? Contestations over Tri Hita Karana and a tourism megaproject in Bali. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(12), 1839–1856. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1666857
Álvarez-Sousa, A., & Paniza Prados, J. L. (2020). Visitor management in World Heritage destinations before and after Covid-19, Angkor. Sustainability, 12(23), 9929. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239929
Buku Kodhyat, H. (1996). Sejarah Pariwisata dan Perkembangannya di Indonesia. Jakarta: Grasindo.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Capocchi, A., Vallone, C., Pierotti, M., & Amaduzzi, A. (2019). Overtourism: A literature review to assess implications and future perspectives. Sustainability, 11(12), 3303. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123303
Ferrari, R. (2015). Writing narrative style literature reviews. Medical Writing, 24(4), 230–235. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047480615Z.000000000329
Garg, A., Misra, P., Gupta, S., Goel, P., & Saleem, M. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-09-2021-0214
Gutierrez, E. L. M. (2023). Re-examining the participation and empowerment nexus: Applications to community-based tourism. World Development Perspectives, 31, 100518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2023.100518
Jauhari, V., & Sanjeev, G. M. (2010). https://doi.org/10.1108/17554211011090094
Junaid, I., Sigala, M., & Banchit, A. (2021). Implementing community-based tourism (CBT): Lessons learnt and implications by involving students in a CBT project in Laelae Island, Indonesia. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 29, 100295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2020.100295
Jurnal Ilmiah Ardika, I. W. (2018). Kepariwisataan Budaya Berkelanjutan: Refleksi dan Harapan di Tengah Perkembangan Zaman. Jurnal Kajian Bali, 8(1), 1-16.
Koens, K., Postma, A., & Papp, B. (2018). Is overtourism overused? Understanding the impact of tourism in a city context. Sustainability, 10(12), 4384. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124384
Maharani, N. P. D. T., Suryantari, I. A. P., Sukaatmadja, I. P. G., & Yasa, N. N. K. (2023). https://doi.org/10.38043/jimb.v8i1.4316
Milano, C., Novelli, M., & Cheer, J. M. (2019). Overtourism and degrowth: A social movements perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(12), 1857–1875. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1650054
Millar, S. (1989). Heritage management for heritage tourism. Tourism Management, 10(1), 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(89)90030-7
Nowacki, M. (2021). Heritage interpretation and sustainable development: A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 13(8), 4383. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084383
Scheyvens, R. (1999). Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism Management, 20(2), 245–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00069-7
Subrata, K. D. A. P., Triyuni, N. N., & Septevany, E. (2025). Sustainable tourism through the Tri Hita Karana concept. ASEAN Journal on Hospitality and Tourism, 23(1), 66–78. https://doi.org/10.5614/ajht.2025.23.1.05
Pande, P., & Shi, J. (2023). Managing visitor experience at religious heritage sites: A non-Abrahamic context. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 30, 100800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2023.100800
Park, E., Choi, B.-K., & Lee, T. J. (2019). The role and dimensions of authenticity in heritage tourism. Tourism Management, 74, 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.03.001
Peraturan Perundang-undangan Republik Indonesia. (2009). Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 2009 tentang Kepariwisataan. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara.
Pitana, I. G., & Gayatri, P. G. (2005). Sosiologi Pariwisata. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset.
Popay, J., Roberts, H., Sowden, A., Petticrew, M., Arai, L., Rodgers, M., Britten, N., Roen, K., & Duffy, S. (2006). Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews: A product from the ESRC Methods Programme. ESRC Methods Programme. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1018.4643
Putra, I. N. D. (2015). Pariwisata Berbasis Masyarakat: Model Bali. Jurnal Kawistara, 5(3), 223-328.
Sahin, S., & Güzel, F. Ö. (2024). Scale development study for spiritual tourism experience: STES. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 34, 100955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2024.100955
Shantika, B., Yanti, N. K. W., & Septiadji, R. R. (2025). The impact of tourism pollution and entrepreneurs’ role to finding sustainable waste management solutions in Kuta, Seminyak, and Ubud. International Journal of Green Tourism Research and Applications, 7(2), 127–143. https://doi.org/10.31940/ijogtra.v7i2.127-143
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Suarja, I. N., Suarka, I. N., & Suryasa, I. W. (2023). Spiritual tourism: Self-healing through Melukat ritual in Bali. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 10(2), 604–613. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v10i2.4548
Sumaeni, N. M., & Mahagangga, I. G. A. O. (2018). https://doi.org/10.24843/jdepar.2017.v05.i02.p22
Sutejo, A. A., Laksmi, N. K. P. A., Zuraidah, Prihatmoko, H., & Kamandalu, S. G. B. (2025). https://doi.org/10.55981/amt.2025.8670
Suwena, I. K., & Widyatmaja, I. G. N. (2017). Pengetahuan Dasar Ilmu Pariwisata. Denpasar: Pustaka Larasan.
Widiastuti, N. K. (2019). Pengelolaan Pura Tirta Empul Sebagai Daya Tarik Wisata Spiritual di Kabupaten Gianyar. Jurnal Destinasi Pariwisata, 7(1), 120-125.
Windia, W., & Dewi, R. (2016). Analisis Potensi Wisata Budaya dan Strategi Pengembangannya di Desa Tampaksiring. Jurnal Manajemen Perhotelan, 2(2), 55-64.
Yoeti, O. A. (2008). Perencanaan dan Pengembangan Pariwisata. Jakarta: Pradnya Paramita
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Dialektika: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
