Kedudukan Ahli Waris Beda Agama dalam Hukum Waris Islam Indonesia: Analisis terhadap Penerapan Wasiat Wajibah

Abstract

Religious differences within families create legal uncertainty regarding the entitlement of non-Muslim relatives to the estate of a Muslim decedent because the Compilation of Islamic Law does not explicitly regulate the granting of wasiat wajibah to them. This study aims to analyze the legal status of heirs of different religions and compare the consistency of the ratio decidendi in Supreme Court Decision No. 368 K/Ag/1995, Decision No. 16 K/AG/2010, and Decision No. 721 K/Ag/2015. The study employs legal certainty theory, legal discovery theory, and maqāṣid al-sharīʿah. This normative legal research applies statutory, case, and conceptual approaches; legal materials were collected through library research, selected purposively, and analyzed using qualitative-descriptive methods through legal interpretation, comparative legal analysis, and deductive reasoning. The findings show that religious differences remain a legal impediment to heir status, yet non-Muslim relatives may obtain protection of their civil rights through wasiat wajibah. The three decisions consistently provide such protection but differ in recipient categories, legal considerations, and the proportion of the estate awarded; these differences indicate case-based judicial reasoning that requires uniform guidelines to ensure legal certainty and substantive justice.

Perbedaan agama dalam keluarga menimbulkan ketidakpastian mengenai kedudukan kerabat non-Muslim atas harta peninggalan pewaris Muslim karena Kompilasi Hukum Islam belum mengatur pemberian wasiat wajibah kepada mereka secara eksplisit. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kedudukan ahli waris beda agama dan membandingkan konsistensi ratio decidendi Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 368 K/Ag/1995, Nomor 16 K/AG/2010, dan Nomor 721 K/Ag/2015. Kajian menggunakan teori kepastian hukum, penemuan hukum, dan maqāṣid al-sharīʿah. Penelitian hukum normatif ini menerapkan pendekatan perundang-undangan, kasus, dan konseptual; bahan hukum dikumpulkan melalui studi kepustakaan, dipilih secara purposif, kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif-deskriptif melalui interpretasi, perbandingan hukum, dan penalaran deduktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan agama tetap menghalangi status ahli waris, tetapi kerabat non-Muslim dapat memperoleh perlindungan hak keperdataan melalui wasiat wajibah. Ketiga putusan konsisten dalam memberikan perlindungan tersebut, tetapi berbeda dalam kategori penerima, dasar pertimbangan, dan besaran bagian; perbedaan ini menunjukkan penalaran kasuistik yang memerlukan pedoman yang seragam demi kepastian hukum dan keadilan substantif.